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Only Read Ascii Values From a Text File C++

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American character encoding standard

This article is almost the grapheme encoding. For other uses, come across ASCII (disambiguation).

ASCII
USASCII code chart.png

ASCII chart from a pre-1972 printer transmission
MIME / IANA united states-ascii
Alias(es) ISO-IR-006,[1] ANSI_X3.4-1968, ANSI_X3.iv-1986, ISO_646.irv:1991, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, cp367[2]
Language(south) English
Nomenclature ISO 646 series
Extensions
  • Unicode
  • ISO/IEC 8859 (series)
  • KOI-eight
  • OEM (serial)
  • Windows-125x (series)
  • Others
Preceded by ITA 2, FIELDATA
Succeeded by ISO 8859, Unicode
  • 5
  • t
  • e

ASCII ( ASS-kee),[3] : 6 abbreviated from American Standard Code for Data Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes correspond text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Nearly modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters.

The Net Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this character encoding.[two]

ASCII is one of the IEEE milestones.

Overview [edit]

ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was equally a seven-fleck teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services.[ when? ] Piece of work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the showtime meeting of the American Standards Clan's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Constitute or ANSI) X3.ii subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963,[4] [five] underwent a major revision during 1967,[6] [7] and experienced its almost recent update during 1986.[8] Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more than user-friendly sorting (i.due east., alphabetization) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters.[ citation needed ]

The apply of ASCII format for Network Interchange was described in 1969.[9] That document was formally elevated to an Internet Standard in 2015.[x]

Originally based on the English language alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into vii-fleck integers as shown by the ASCII chart above.[11] Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to nine, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase messages A to Z, and punctuation symbols. In improver, the original ASCII specification included 33 not-press control codes which originated with Teletype machines; most of these are now obsolete,[12] although a few are still commonly used, such as the railroad vehicle return, line feed, and tab codes.

For case, lowercase i would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 (i is the ninth letter of the alphabet) = decimal 105.

History [edit]

ASCII (1963). Control pictures of equivalent controls are shown where they exist, or a gray dot otherwise.

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed nether the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), chosen the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later on past that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now INCITS). The ASA later became the United States of America Standards Establish (USASI),[3] : 211 and ultimately became the American National Standards Constitute (ANSI).

With the other special characters and command codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963,[five] [xiii] leaving 28 code positions without whatever assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and 1 unassigned command code.[3] : 66, 245 At that place was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.[3] : 435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks [a] [fourteen] 6 and vii,[xv] and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC ii voted during October to comprise the change into its typhoon standard.[xvi] The X3.2.4 chore group voted its blessing for the alter to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting.[17] Locating the lowercase letters in sticks [a] [14] half dozen and vii caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single flake, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.

The X3 commission fabricated other changes, including other new characters (the brace and vertical bar characters),[18] renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed).[3] : 247–248 ASCII was afterward updated as USAS X3.4-1967,[6] [19] then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.four-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.[8] [xx]

Revisions of the ASCII standard:

  • ASA X3.4-1963[3] [5] [xix] [20]
  • ASA X3.4-1965 (approved, but not published, yet used by IBM 2260 & 2265 Display Stations and IBM 2848 Display Control)[3] : 423, 425–428, 435–439 [21] [19] [20]
  • USAS X3.iv-1967[3] [six] [20]
  • USAS X3.4-1968[iii] [xx]
  • ANSI X3.4-1977[xx]
  • ANSI X3.4-1986[8] [20]
  • ANSI X3.iv-1986 (R1992)
  • ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1997)
  • ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002)[22]
  • ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007)[23]
  • (ANSI) INCITS 4-1986[R2012][24]
  • (ANSI) INCITS four-1986[R2017][25]

In the X3.fifteen standard, the X3 commission too addressed how ASCII should be transmitted (least significant bit first),[iii] : 249–253 [26] and how it should be recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a 9-rail standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats.

Blueprint considerations [edit]

Bit width [edit]

The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to procedure, store, and communicate graphic symbol-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from eleven to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. two (ITA2) standard of 1924,[27] [28] FIELDATA (1956[ citation needed ]), and early EBCDIC (1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.

ITA2 was in turn based on the 5-bit telegraph lawmaking that Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874.[28]

The committee debated the possibility of a shift office (like in ITA2), which would let more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices betwixt options for the following character codes. It allows meaty encoding, but is less reliable for data manual, as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long role of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and then ASCII required at least a seven-bit lawmaking.[3] : 215 §thirteen.6, 236 §four

The committee considered an 8-bit lawmaking, since viii bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would crave all data manual to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The commission voted to use a seven-scrap code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it likewise immune for a parity bit for error checking if desired.[3] : 217 §c, 236 §5 8-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.[29]

Internal organization [edit]

The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The showtime two so-called ASCII sticks [a] [14] (32 positions) were reserved for command characters.[3] : 220, 236 eight, 9) The "infinite" graphic symbol had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position xxhex;[3] : 237 §x for the same reason, many special signs commonly used every bit separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to design ASCII and so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character gear up of graphic codes,[3] : 228, 237 §14 as was done in the December SIXBIT lawmaking (1963). Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To continue options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.[3] : 238 §eighteen The digits 0–9 are prefixed with 011, only the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.

Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, non electric typewriters.[30] Mechanical typewriters followed the de facto standard fix by the Remington No. ii (1878), the first typewriter with a shift fundamental, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() – early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (uppercase alphabetic character o) and 50 (lowercase letter L) instead, only i! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in the 2d stick,[a] [14] positions 1–five, respective to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent stick.[a] [14] The parentheses could not correspond to ix and 0, still, because the identify corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from half dozen and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with eight and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, differently from traditional mechanical typewriters.

Electric typewriters, notably the IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has go de facto standard on computers – following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984) – and thus shift values for symbols on mod keyboards practise not stand for as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. ii, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (total end) so they could be used in upper-case letter without unshifting). Nonetheless, ASCII separate the ;: pair (dating to No. two), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

Some then-common typewriter characters were not included, notably ½ ¼ ¢, while ^ ` ~ were included as diacritics for international use, and < > for mathematical use, together with the simple line characters \ | (in addition to common /). The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the commission expected it would be replaced past an accented À in the French variation, and then the @ was placed in position fortyhex, right earlier the alphabetic character A.[3] : 243

The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the kickoff of bulletin (SOM), stop of address (EOA), end of bulletin (EOM), end of transmission (EOT), "who are you?" (WRU), "are you lot?" (RU), a reserved device control (DC0), synchronous idle (SYNC), and acknowledge (ACK). These were positioned to maximize the Hamming distance between their bit patterns.[3] : 243–245

Character club [edit]

ASCII-code society is also chosen ASCIIbetical order.[31] Collation of data is sometimes washed in this order rather than "standard" alphabetical order (collating sequence). The main deviations in ASCII order are:

  • All uppercase come earlier lowercase letters; for example, "Z" precedes "a"
  • Digits and many punctuation marks come before letters

An intermediate guild converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparison ASCII values.

Character groups [edit]

Control characters [edit]

ASCII reserves the kickoff 32 codes (numbers 0–31 decimal) for control characters: codes originally intended not to represent printable information, merely rather to command devices (such as printers) that make use of ASCII, or to provide meta-data about data streams such equally those stored on magnetic record.

For instance, graphic symbol 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to accelerate its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space equally non-whitespace control characters.[32] Except for the command characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define whatsoever machinery for describing the structure or advent of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.

The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each command character. The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a final link than on a information stream, and sometimes adventitious, for example with the meaning of "delete".

Probably the most influential single device affecting the estimation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/dial option. Newspaper tape was a very popular medium for long-term plan storage until the 1980s, less plush and in some means less fragile than magnetic record. In detail, the Teletype Model 33 car assignments for codes 17 (Command-Q, DC1, too known as XON), 19 (Control-Due south, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control-M (lawmaking seven, BEL, pregnant audibly alarm the operator) literally, as the unit contained an bodily bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Considering the keytop for the O key too showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this graphic symbol instead of underscore), a noncompliant employ of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems merely somewhen became neglected.

When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), information technology caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") acquired the tape reader to resume. This then-called flow control technique became adopted past several early estimator operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop manual because of impending buffer overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems, Command-S retains its pregnant but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-Southward to resume output.

The 33 ASR also could exist configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Command-T (DC4) to start and finish the tape punch; on some units equipped with this role, the respective control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and Tape respectively.[33]

Delete vs Backspace [edit]

The Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a BS (backspace). Instead, at that place was a fundamental marked RUB OUT that sent lawmaking 127 (DEL). The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a manually-input paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the tape dial to back it upward, so blazon the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored.[34] Teletypes were commonly used with the less-expensive computers from Digital Equipment Corporation; these systems had to use what keys were available, and thus the DEL code was assigned to erase the previous character.[35] [36] Because of this, DEC video terminals (past default) sent the DEL code for the key marked "Backspace" while the carve up key marked "Delete" sent an escape sequence; many other competing terminals sent a BS code for the Backspace key.

The Unix terminal commuter could only use i lawmaking to erase the previous character, this could be set to BS or DEL, just not both, resulting in recurring situations of ambiguity where users had to determine depending on what terminal they were using (shells that allow line editing, such every bit ksh, bash, and zsh, empathise both). The supposition that no key sent a BS lawmaking immune Control+H to be used for other purposes, such every bit the "help" prefix control in GNU Emacs.[37]

Escape [edit]

Many more of the control codes have been assigned meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters every bit literals instead of invoking their meaning, a then-called "escape sequence". This is the aforementioned pregnant of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved pregnant. Over fourth dimension this interpretation has been co-opted and has somewhen been changed.

In modern usage, an ESC sent to the terminal unremarkably indicates the first of a command sequence usually in the form of a so-chosen "ANSI escape lawmaking" (or, more properly, a "Control Sequence Introducer") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors, start with ESC followed by a "[" (left-bracket) character. In dissimilarity, an ESC sent from the last is most often used every bit an out-of-ring grapheme used to finish an operation or special style, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an awarding to abort its current operation or to get out (terminate) altogether.

End of Line [edit]

The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best instance of this is the newline trouble on diverse operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text exist terminated with both "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The proper name "Railroad vehicle Return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the railroad vehicle holding the paper moves while the typebars that strike the ribbon remain stationary. The entire carriage had to exist pushed (returned) to the left in order to position the paper for the next line.

December operating systems (Os/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to marker the finish of a line and then that the panel device (originally Teletype machines) would piece of work. By the time so-chosen "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or "dumb terminals") came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing to follow it. When Gary Kildall created CP/M, he was inspired past some of the command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11 operating arrangement.

Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no influence in this considering their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC encoding instead of ASCII, and they were oriented toward punch-bill of fare input and line printer output on which the concept of "carriage return" was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed every bit MS-DOS past Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M,[38] and Windows in plow inherited it from MS-DOS.

Unfortunately, requiring 2 characters to mark the cease of a line introduces unnecessary complication and ambiguity equally to how to interpret each character when encountered by itself. To simplify matters, plain text information streams, including files, on Multics[39] used line feed (LF) lone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other hand, the original Macintosh Os, Apple DOS, and ProDOS used railroad vehicle return (CR) solitary as a line terminator; however, since Apple has now replaced these obsolete operating systems with the Unix-based macOS operating system, they at present use line feed (LF) as well. The Radio Shack TRS-80 also used a lone CR to end lines.

Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such equally TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings; machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings; and machines running operating systems such every bit Bone/360 that represented lines as a graphic symbol count followed by the characters of the line and which used EBCDIC rather than ASCII encoding. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), and then that connections betwixt hosts with dissimilar line-catastrophe conventions and character sets could be supported past transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would interpret between the local conventions and the NVT.[40] The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for apply when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode.[41] [42] This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT'due south CR-LF line-ending convention.[43] [44]

Finish of File/Stream [edit]

The PDP-half dozen monitor,[35] and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-10,[36] used Control-Z (SUB) as an end-of-file indication for input from a terminal. Some operating systems such as CP/M tracked file length only in units of deejay blocks, and used Control-Z to marker the end of the bodily text in the file.[45] For these reasons, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text lawmaking (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using Z as the control code to stop a file is analogous to its position at the end of the alphabet, and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.

In C library and Unix conventions, the null character is used to terminate text strings; such null-terminated strings tin exist known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where hither Z stands for "aught".

Control code chart [edit]

Binary Oct Dec Hex Abbreviation Unicode Control Pictures[b] Caret notation[c] C Escape Sequences[d] Name (1967)
1963 1965 1967
000 0000 000 0 00 Zippo NUL ␀ ^@ \0 Aught
000 0001 001 1 01 SOM SOH ␁ ^A Start of Heading
000 0010 002 2 02 EOA STX ␂ ^B Start of Text
000 0011 003 3 03 EOM ETX ␃ ^C End of Text
000 0100 004 4 04 EOT ␄ ^D End of Manual
000 0101 005 5 05 WRU ENQ ␅ ^E Enquiry
000 0110 006 6 06 RU ACK ␆ ^F Acknowledgement
000 0111 007 vii 07 BELL BEL ␇ ^G \a Bong
000 1000 010 eight 08 FE0 BS ␈ ^H \b Backspace[eastward] [f]
000 1001 011 ix 09 HT/SK HT ␉ ^I \t Horizontal Tab[g]
000 1010 012 10 0A LF ␊ ^J \n Line Feed
000 1011 013 11 0B VTAB VT ␋ ^K \v Vertical Tab
000 1100 014 12 0C FF ␌ ^L \f Form Feed
000 1101 015 thirteen 0D CR ␍ ^Chiliad \r Carriage Return[h]
000 1110 016 fourteen 0E And then ␎ ^N Shift Out
000 1111 017 15 0F SI ␏ ^O Shift In
001 0000 020 xvi x DC0 DLE ␐ ^P Data Link Escape
001 0001 021 17 xi DC1 ␑ ^Q Device Control one (often XON)
001 0010 022 eighteen 12 DC2 ␒ ^R Device Command ii
001 0011 023 19 13 DC3 ␓ ^Due south Device Control three (often XOFF)
001 0100 024 20 14 DC4 ␔ ^T Device Control iv
001 0101 025 21 fifteen ERR NAK ␕ ^U Negative Acknowledgement
001 0110 026 22 16 SYNC SYN ␖ ^Five Synchronous Idle
001 0111 027 23 17 LEM ETB ␗ ^West Terminate of Manual Block
001 thousand 030 24 eighteen S0 CAN ␘ ^Ten Cancel
001 1001 031 25 19 S1 EM ␙ ^Y End of Medium
001 1010 032 26 1A S2 SS SUB ␚ ^Z Substitute
001 1011 033 27 1B S3 ESC ␛ ^[ \e [i] Escape[j]
001 1100 034 28 1C S4 FS ␜ ^\ File Separator
001 1101 035 29 1D S5 GS ␝ ^] Grouping Separator
001 1110 036 30 1E S6 RS ␞ ^^ [k] Record Separator
001 1111 037 31 1F S7 Usa ␟ ^_ Unit Separator
111 1111 177 127 7F DEL ␡ ^? Delete[fifty] [f]

Other representations might be used by specialist equipment, for example ISO 2047 graphics or hexadecimal numbers.

Printable characters [edit]

Codes twentyhex to 7Ehex, known every bit the printable characters, represent messages, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols. There are 95 printable characters in full.[m]

Lawmaking xxhex, the "space" character, denotes the space between words, equally produced by the space bar of a keyboard. Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic (rather than a control character)[iii] : 223 [46] information technology is listed in the tabular array beneath instead of in the previous section.

Code 7Fhex corresponds to the non-printable "delete" (DEL) command grapheme and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section'south chart. Earlier versions of ASCII used the upward arrow instead of the caret (5Ehex) and the left arrow instead of the underscore (5Fhex).[5] [47]

Binary Oct Dec Hex Glyph
1963 1965 1967
010 0000 040 32 twenty  space
010 0001 041 33 21 !
010 0010 042 34 22 "
010 0011 043 35 23 #
010 0100 044 36 24 $
010 0101 045 37 25 %
010 0110 046 38 26 &
010 0111 047 39 27 '
010 1000 050 twoscore 28 (
010 1001 051 41 29 )
010 1010 052 42 2A *
010 1011 053 43 2B +
010 1100 054 44 2C ,
010 1101 055 45 2nd -
010 1110 056 46 2E .
010 1111 057 47 2F /
011 0000 060 48 thirty 0
011 0001 061 49 31 i
011 0010 062 l 32 ii
011 0011 063 51 33 3
011 0100 064 52 34 iv
011 0101 065 53 35 five
011 0110 066 54 36 6
011 0111 067 55 37 7
011 k 070 56 38 8
011 1001 071 57 39 9
011 1010 072 58 3A :
011 1011 073 59 3B ;
011 1100 074 60 3C <
011 1101 075 61 3D =
011 1110 076 62 3E >
011 1111 077 63 3F ?
100 0000 100 64 forty @ ` @
100 0001 101 65 41 A
100 0010 102 66 42 B
100 0011 103 67 43 C
100 0100 104 68 44 D
100 0101 105 69 45 E
100 0110 106 70 46 F
100 0111 107 71 47 G
100 thou 110 72 48 H
100 1001 111 73 49 I
100 1010 112 74 4A J
100 1011 113 75 4B K
100 1100 114 76 4C 50
100 1101 115 77 4D K
100 1110 116 78 4E N
100 1111 117 79 4F O
101 0000 120 fourscore fifty P
101 0001 121 81 51 Q
101 0010 122 82 52 R
101 0011 123 83 53 South
101 0100 124 84 54 T
101 0101 125 85 55 U
101 0110 126 86 56 V
101 0111 127 87 57 Westward
101 1000 130 88 58 X
101 1001 131 89 59 Y
101 1010 132 ninety 5A Z
101 1011 133 91 5B [
101 1100 134 92 5C \ ~ \
101 1101 135 93 5D ]
101 1110 136 94 5E ↑ ^
101 1111 137 95 5F ← _
110 0000 140 96 60 @ `
110 0001 141 97 61 a
110 0010 142 98 62 b
110 0011 143 99 63 c
110 0100 144 100 64 d
110 0101 145 101 65 due east
110 0110 146 102 66 f
110 0111 147 103 67 g
110 g 150 104 68 h
110 1001 151 105 69 i
110 1010 152 106 6A j
110 1011 153 107 6B k
110 1100 154 108 6C l
110 1101 155 109 6D m
110 1110 156 110 6E n
110 1111 157 111 6F o
111 0000 160 112 70 p
111 0001 161 113 71 q
111 0010 162 114 72 r
111 0011 163 115 73 s
111 0100 164 116 74 t
111 0101 165 117 75 u
111 0110 166 118 76 five
111 0111 167 119 77 w
111 1000 170 120 78 ten
111 1001 171 121 79 y
111 1010 172 122 7A z
111 1011 173 123 7B {
111 1100 174 124 7C ACK ¬ |
111 1101 175 125 7D }
111 1110 176 126 7E ESC | ~

Character set [edit]

ASCII (1977/1986)
0 1 2 3 4 five 6 vii viii 9 A B C D E F
0x NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL  BS   HT   LF   VT   FF   CR   SO   SI 
1x DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB Can  EM  SUB ESC  FS   GS   RS   US 
2x  SP  ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
3x 0 1 2 3 4 five 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4x @ A B C D East F Chiliad H I J K L Chiliad N O
5x P Q R S T U Five Due west 10 Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
6x ` a b c d e f grand h i j one thousand fifty m north o
7x p q r due south t u v westward x y z { | } ~ DEL

 Inverse or added in 1963 version

 Inverse in both 1963 version and 1965 typhoon

Usage [edit]

ASCII was start used commercially during 1963 as a seven-fleck teleprinter lawmaking for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the before five-flake ITA2, which was likewise used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence.[4] His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work – according to Bemer, "so much and then that the lawmaking that was to become ASCII was first chosen the Bemer–Ross Lawmaking in Europe".[48] Considering of his extensive piece of work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the male parent of ASCII".[49]

On March 11, 1968, Us President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States Federal Government support ASCII, stating:[50] [51] [52]

I accept also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce [Luther H. Hodges] regarding standards for recording the Standard Lawmaking for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations. All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Regime inventory on and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to utilize the Standard Lawmaking for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic record and newspaper tape standards when these media are used.

ASCII was the most mutual grapheme encoding on the World wide web until December 2007, when UTF-eight encoding surpassed it; UTF-8 is backward compatible with ASCII.[53] [54] [55]

Variants and derivations [edit]

Every bit calculator technology spread throughout the earth, different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of not-English languages that used Roman-based alphabets. One could class some of these variations as "ASCII extensions", although some misuse that term to represent all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII's character-map in the 7-bit range. Furthermore, the ASCII extensions take besides been mislabelled as ASCII.

7-bit codes [edit]

From early in its evolution,[56] ASCII was intended to be but one of several national variants of an international character code standard.

Other international standards bodies have ratified graphic symbol encodings such as ISO 646 (1967) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English language alphabet and symbols used exterior the United states of america, such as the symbol for the United kingdom'southward pound sterling (£); e.g. with code page 1104. Well-nigh every country needed an adjusted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of but the Us and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its ain version that supported French characters.

Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English messages (e.g. é, ñ, ß, Ł), currency symbols (due east.thousand. £, ¥), etc. See likewise YUSCII (Yugoslavia).

Information technology would share near characters in mutual, but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national utilize". However, the 4 years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's beginning credence of an international recommendation during 1967[57] caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility one time other countries did brainstorm to make their own assignments to these lawmaking points.

ISO/IEC 646, like ASCII, is a 7-bit character prepare. It does non make any additional codes bachelor, so the aforementioned code points encoded different characters in unlike countries. Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant practical to a piece of text, but they were rarely used, so it was frequently impossible to know what variant to piece of work with and, therefore, which character a code represented, and in full general, text-processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway.

Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to "national use" lawmaking points that were used for absolute letters in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646, a German, French, or Swedish, etc. programmer using their national variant of ISO/IEC 646, rather than ASCII, had to write, and, thus, read, something such as

ä aÄiÜ = 'Ön'; ü

instead of

{ a[i] = '\due north'; }

C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, then plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for case, in e-mail service or Usenet) independent "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for dejeuner, could go "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar" as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar" meaning "No I've got sandwiches".

In Japan and Korea, still equally of the 2020s,[update] a variation of ASCII is used, in which the backslash (5C hex) is rendered every bit ¥ (a Yen sign, in Nippon) or ₩ (a Won sign, in Korea). This means that, for example, the file path C:\Users\Smith is shown as C:¥Users¥Smith (in Japan) or C:₩Users₩Smith (in Korea).

8-bit codes [edit]

Eventually, as 8-, xvi-, and 32-bit (and afterward 64-flake) computers began to replace 12-, 18-, and 36-chip computers equally the norm, information technology became common to use an 8-flake byte to store each character in retentiveness, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-scrap relatives of ASCII. In well-nigh cases these adult as truthful extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but calculation additional character definitions afterward the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters.

Encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to every bit ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only past the ANSI standard.

About early on home reckoner systems adult their own 8-fleck character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 to 31 with more than graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet.

The PETSCII code Commodore International used for their 8-bit systems is probably unique amid post-1970 codes in beingness based on ASCII-1963, instead of the more common ASCII-1967, such as establish on the ZX Spectrum estimator. Atari viii-chip computers and Galaksija computers as well used ASCII variants.

The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the command characters with graphic symbols such every bit smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such equally DOS supported these lawmaking pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation adult the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for utilise in the pop VT220 concluding as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for cake graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac Os Roman and Postscript besides defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more than like mod character sets.

The ISO/IEC 8859 standard (derived from the DEC-MCS) finally provided a standard that virtually systems copied (at least every bit accurately every bit they copied ASCII, only with many substitutions). A pop farther extension designed by Microsoft, Windows-1252 (ofttimes mislabeled as ISO-8859-1), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text press. ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the virtually common character encodings until 2008 when UTF-eight became more common.[54]

ISO/IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional command codes defined in the fourscore–9F hexadecimal range, as part of extending the vii-bit ASCII encoding to become an eight-bit arrangement.[58]

Unicode [edit]

Unicode and the ISO/IEC 10646 Universal Grapheme Set (UCS) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to replace ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII quickly in many environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more than characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using natural numbers called code points) and encoding (to 8-, 16-, or 32-fleck binary formats, called UTF-8, UTF-xvi, and UTF-32, respectively).

ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) grapheme set as the beginning 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to exist backward compatible with 7-scrap ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing just ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, frontward compatibility is ensured equally software that recognizes but 7-scrap ASCII characters every bit special and does not alter bytes with the highest flake set (as is often done to support 8-flake ASCII extensions such every bit ISO-8859-one) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.[59]

Meet too [edit]

  • 3568 ASCII, an asteroid named after the character encoding
  • Alt codes
  • Ascii85
  • ASCII art
  • ASCII Ribbon Campaign
  • Bones Latin (Unicode block) (ASCII as a subset of Unicode)
  • Extended ASCII
  • HTML decimal character rendering
  • Jargon File, a glossary of figurer programmer slang which includes a listing of common slang names for ASCII characters
  • List of figurer character sets
  • Listing of Unicode characters

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e The 128 characters of the 7-scrap ASCII grapheme set up are divided into eight xvi-grapheme groups called sticks 0–7, associated with the iii well-nigh-significant bits.[14] Depending on the horizontal or vertical representation of the graphic symbol map, sticks correspond with either table rows or columns.
  2. ^ The Unicode characters from the "Control Pictures" area U+2400 to U+2421 reserved for representing command characters when it is necessary to impress or display them rather than have them perform their intended function. Some browsers may not display these properly.
  3. ^ Caret notation is often used to correspond command characters on a terminal. On most text terminals, belongings down the Ctrl key while typing the second character volition type the control character. Sometimes the shift fundamental is non needed, for instance ^@ may be typable with simply Ctrl and 2.
  4. ^ Character escape sequences in C programming language and many other languages influenced by it, such equally Coffee and Perl (though not all implementations necessarily back up all escape sequences).
  5. ^ The Backspace character can also exist entered by pressing the ← Backspace key on some systems.
  6. ^ a b The ambiguity of Backspace is due to early terminals designed assuming the main use of the keyboard would be to manually dial newspaper record while non connected to a computer. To delete the previous character, one had to dorsum up the newspaper tape punch, which for mechanical and simplicity reasons was a button on the dial itself and not the keyboard, then type the rubout character. They therefore placed a cardinal producing rubout at the location used on typewriters for backspace. When systems used these terminals and provided command-line editing, they had to use the "rubout" code to perform a backspace, and frequently did not translate the backspace character (they might echo "^H" for backspace). Other terminals not designed for paper record made the key at this location produce Backspace, and systems designed for these used that grapheme to back up. Since the delete code oftentimes produced a backspace outcome, this too forced terminal manufacturers to make any Delete central produce something other than the Delete character.
  7. ^ The Tab character can besides be entered by pressing the Tab ↹ fundamental on most systems.
  8. ^ The Wagon Return graphic symbol tin also exist entered by pressing the ↵ Enter or Return key on near systems.
  9. ^ The \east escape sequence is not function of ISO C and many other language specifications. However, it is understood past several compilers, including GCC.
  10. ^ The Escape grapheme can also be entered by pressing the Esc key on some systems.
  11. ^ ^^ means Ctrl+^ (pressing the "Ctrl" and caret keys).
  12. ^ The Delete character can sometimes be entered past pressing the ← Backspace key on some systems.
  13. ^ Printed out, the characters are: 
     !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Bemer, Robert William (1960). "A Proposal for Grapheme Code Compatibility". Communications of the ACM. 3 (2): 71–72. doi:ten.1145/366959.366961. S2CID 9591147.
  • Bemer, Robert William (2003-05-23). "The Boom-boom of Codes Prior to ASCII: The 1960 Survey of Coded Character Sets: The Reasons for ASCII". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2016-05-09 , from:
    • Bemer, Robert William (December 1960). "Survey of coded graphic symbol representation". Communications of the ACM. 3 (12): 639–641. doi:ten.1145/367487.367493. S2CID 21403172.
    • Smith, H. J.; Williams, F. A. (Dec 1960). "Survey of punched card codes". Communications of the ACM. iii (12): 642. doi:10.1145/367487.367491.
  • American National Standard Lawmaking for Information Interchange. American National Standards Plant. 1977.
  • Robinson, G. South.; Cargill, C. (1996). "History and impact of computer standards". Computer. 29 (10): 79–85. doi:x.1109/2.539725.
  • Mullendore, Ralph Elvin (1964) [1963]. Ptak, John F. (ed.). "On the Early on Development of ASCII – The History of ASCII". JF Ptak Science Books (published March 2012). Archived from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26 .

External links [edit]

  • "C0 Controls and Basic Latin – Range: 0000–007F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard 8.0. Unicode, Inc. 2015 [1991]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26 .
  • Fischer, Eric. "The Evolution of Character Codes, 1874–1968". CiteSeerX10.1.1.96.678. [i]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

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